Alcoholism is a chronic addiction. This illness is characterised by psychological and physical dependency on alcohol. Damage caused to the brain can lead to an untimely death. More men than women are affected by alcoholism, but the disease is increasing among women and young people. In Germany in 1997 an estimated 6.5 million people had alcohol-related problems, 2.5 million were classed as alcoholic. Consumption of alcohol has barely changed in many European countries since 1980, but some countries noted a clear increase.
syn. bladder fistula, catheter through the abdominal wall; urine is channelled through a thin catheter that leads through the abdominal wall into the bladder
Erection, reflex-bound swelling, stiffening and erection of the penis or clitoris, caused by filling with blood. For this purpose, these organs contain spongy bodies that blood is pumped into. Erection is controlled by hormones but can sometimes be caused by an act of will.
Treatment for kidney- or bladder stones. The calculi are shattered by ultrasound waves that are produced outside the body and focused on the calculi (Piezo-electric effect).
Treatment method for tumours, using high frequency ultrasound; method used especially for conditions of the prostate and kidneys.
Histology
Microscopic examination of tissue
Hormones
Messenger substances that play an important part in the organism and regulate important vital processes (growth, metabolism, procreation, and organ function). Hormones are produced in endocrine glands and are dispersed directly or via glandular channels into the blood. Many hormones have diverse functions. They are in a state of balance.
Intravenous pyelogram, imaging technique for kidney, ureter, and bladder by administering a contrast medium into the vein; to assess excretion and flow of urine from the kidneys
Nicotine is a colourless, oily, liquid alkaloid that forms the main component of tobacco. In small doses nicotine is a nerve stimulant, especially of the vegetative nervous system, as it promotes the distribution of adrenaline and other hormones. Larger quantities paralyse the vegetative nervous system by disturbing the stimulus transfer at the synapses, the point of contact between two nerve cells. In even higher doses nicotine can result in seizures and death. It affects people to varying degrees. In some it favours the development of stomach ulcers. It is classed as an addictive drug.
Diseases of the prostate gland affect many men with increasing age. The risk of prostate cancer increases in particular. Early diagnosis of the cancer is essential to ensure successful treatment. A small blood sample is enough to assess prostate specific antigen (PSA), a small protein molecule, in the blood. The PSA value is dependent on the man’s age and size of his prostate. Younger men thus have lower PSA values than older men. An increased PSA value can be caused by an inflammation of the prostate, through benign hyperplasia, or through malignancy. In combination with the examination of the prostate these findings provide important information about prostate disease. If you are older than 45 and do not know your PSAvalue—come for an examination now.
The prostate gland is situated in front of the bladder. During urination the urine drains from the bladder through the prostatic urethra into the urethra.
Prostate specific antigen; its blood concentration is examined in prostate screening. An increased concentration can indicate inflammation of the gland, benign hyperplasia, or malignancy.
Phytoestrogens
Oestrogens that are derived from plants (for example, soya)
Treatment for erectile dysfunction; the corpus cavernosum is punctured with a very fine gauge needle and a expanding drug is injected directly into it.
Used to treat erectile dysfunction. a cylindrical pump is put over the penis and blood is suctioned into the corpus cavernosum by creating a vacuum, thus causing an erection
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